MERRY CHRISTMAS 2011

God is Love

Christmas is all about love

Christmas is thus about God and Love

Love is the key to peace among all mankind

Love is the key to peace and happiness within all creation

Love needs to be practiced - love needs to flow - love needs to make happy

Love starts with your partner, children and family and expands to all world

God bless all mankind


It's Christmas time all year time to love

From: allfornursing

Video Guide: 2010 Infant CPR Guidelines CAB Method

Video Guide: 2010 Child CPR Guidelines CAB Method

Video Guide: 2010 Adult CPR Guidelines CAB Method

Video Guide: Walking with Crutches

How to Use Crutches, Canes, and Walkers

General Guidelines


If you ever break a bone in your leg or foot, have a surgical procedure on your lower limb, or suffer a stroke, you may need to use crutches, a cane, or a walker.

In the beginning, everything you do may seem difficult. But, with a few tips and some practice, you will gain confidence and learn to use your walking aid safely.
General Guidelines

1. Remove scatter rugs, electrical cords, spills, and anything else that may cause you to fall.
2. In the bathroom, use nonslip bath mats, grab bars, a raised toilet seat, and a shower tub seat.
3. Simplify your household to keep the items you need handy and everything else out of the way.
4. Use a backpack, fanny pack, apron, or briefcase to help you carry things around.

Crutches



If an injury or surgical procedure requires you to keep your weight off your leg or foot, you may have to use crutches.

Proper Positioning

The top of your crutches should reach between 1 and 1.5 inches below your armpits while you stand up straight.

The handgrips of the crutches should be even with the top of your hip line.

Your elbows should bend a bit when you use the handgrips.

Hold the top of the crutches tightly to your sides, and use your hands to absorb the weight. Don't let the tops of the crutches press into your armpits.

Walking

Lean forward slightly and put your crutches about one foot ahead of you. Begin your step as if you were going to use the injured foot or leg, but shift your weight to the crutches instead of the injured foot. Your body swings forward between the crutches. Finish the step normally with your non-injured leg. When the non-injured leg is on the ground, move your crutches ahead in preparation for the next step. Keep focused on where you are walking, not on your feet.



Sitting

Back up to a sturdy chair. Put your injured foot in front of you and both crutches in one hand. Use the other hand to feel for the seat of your chair. Slowly lower yourself into it. Lean your crutches upside down in a handy location. (Crutches tend to fall over when they are stood on their tips.) To stand up, inch yourself to the front of the chair. Hold both crutches in the hand on your good leg side. Push yourself up and stand on the good leg.

Stairs



To walk up and down stairs with crutches, you need to be both strong and flexible. Facing the stairway, hold the handrail with one hand and tuck both crutches under your armpit on the other side. When you're going up, lead with your good foot, keeping the injured foot raised behind you. When you're going down, hold your injured foot up in front, and hop down each stair on your good foot. Take it one step at a time. You may want someone to help you, at least at first. If you're facing a stairway with no handrails, use the crutches under both arms and hop up or down each step on your good leg, using more strength. An easier way is to sit on the stairs and inch yourself up and down each step. Start by sitting on the lowest stair with your injured leg out in front. Hold both crutches flat against the stairs in your opposite hand. Scoot your bottom up to the next step, using your free hand and good leg for support. Face the same direction when you go down the stairs this way.

Video Guide: Essential Newborn Care " Unang Yakap"

Essential Newborn Care " Unang Yakap"

The Department of Health embarked on Essential Newborn Care , a new program to address neonatal deaths in the country. Under the umbrella of the Unang Yakap Campaign, Essential Newborn Care is an evidenced based strategic intervention aimed at improving newborn care and helping cub neonatal mortality.

The Essential Newborn Care package is a four-step newborn care time-bound intervention undertaken to lessen newborn death.

1. Immediate and thorough drying to stimulate breathing after delivery of the baby

2. Provision of appropriate thermal care through mother and newborn skin-to skin contact maintaining a delivery room temperature of 25-28 degrees centigrade and wrapping the newborn with clean, dry cloth.

3. Properly timed clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord, (1-3 minutes or until cord pulsation stops)

4. Non-separation of the newborn and mother for early breast-feeding. Immediate latching on and initiation of breastfeeding within first hour after birth.

5. Post-natal care required within 24 hours after birth also includes

Cord care
Breastfeeding
Vitamin K injection
Eye prophylaxis
Delayed bathing until 6 hours of life
BCG and first dose of Hepatitis B Immunization
Newborn screening

The Essential Newborn Care Package aims to reduce newborn mortality rate from 13 deaths (2006 FPS, NSO) to 10 per 1000 live births by 2015.

Unang Yakap aims to save newborn lives.

Lecture Notes: Newborn Assessment

Newborn Assessment

View more documents from Mark Fredderick Abejo

DOWNLOAD PROCEDURE:

1. LIKE us on Facebook via our FACEBOOK PAGE widget
2. FOLLOW us on Twitter via our TWITTER ACCOUNT widget
3. SHARE this blog on your own Facebook and Twitter account  via SHARE IT widget
4. ANSWER our SURVEY POOL widget
NOTE: Widgets can be found on the right side portion of this BLOG
5. CLICK view on slideshare button on the left lower corner of this presentation. 
6. CREATE / SIGN UP your own account to www.slideshare.com.
7. LOG IN using your own account
8. SEARCH Mark Fredderick Abejo to view all uploaded documents.
9. DOWNLOAD the document you like.

Lecture Notes: Care of the Newborn

Care of the Newborn Handouts

View more documents from Mark Fredderick Abejo

DOWNLOAD PROCEDURE:

1. LIKE us on Facebook via our FACEBOOK PAGE widget
2. FOLLOW us on Twitter via our TWITTER ACCOUNT widget
3. SHARE this blog on your own Facebook and Twitter account  via SHARE IT widget
4. ANSWER our SURVEY POOL widget
NOTE: Widgets can be found on the right side portion of this BLOG
5. CLICK view on slideshare button on the left lower corner of this presentation. 
6. CREATE / SIGN UP your own account to www.slideshare.com.
7. LOG IN using your own account
8. SEARCH Mark Fredderick Abejo to view all uploaded documents.
9. DOWNLOAD the document you like.

Health News: HIV Virus Cure For Cancer

The HIV virus may be about to become a new weapon in the fight against cancer as initial tests have shown it can drastically minimize and even help cure the most common form of leukemia.

A research team, led by Dr. Carl June working out of the Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania, has been experimenting with using a harmless version of the HIV virus combined with genetically modified white blood cells as a new way to fight cancer. The cells are taken from patients and modified with new genes that make them target cancer cells, but just as importantly, they can also multiply once injected allowing them to scale up as a small army inside the body.

The results have surprised everyone. These modified cells have acted like serial killers, multiplying and killing all of the cancer cells in two patients, while reducing them by 70% in a third. The equivalent of five pounds of cancer cells has disappeared from each patient. More good news stems from the fact that the modified cells remain in the body and have been seen to reactivate and kill new cancer cells as long as 12 months after they were first injected.

Usually leukemia is treated with medication, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases bone marrow transplants, all of which can have side effects and complications. This new treatment involves a single injection and the modified white blood cells do the rest of the work. If the same results seen in these first 3 patients are mirrored across a larger group it could signal a huge step forward in the treatment of a disease that currently kills hundreds of thousands of adults and children every year.

The results of the research have been published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

It’s important to note that this small trial involving just three patients was lucky to go ahead at all. The study was rejected by pharamceutical companies and the National Cancer Institute. It was only through a grant awarded by the Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy that these patients received the treatment. We suspect the next trial will have more than enough interest, and therefore money, to go ahead.

Source: Abramson Cancer Center

Lecture Notes: Complications on Labor and Delivery

Complication on Labor and Delivery

View more documents from Mark Fredderick Abejo

MY 1ST BATCH OF PASSERS (SO PROUD OF YOU GUYS)

MY TUTORIAL/REVIEW SERVICE FOR PNLE 1ST BATCH OF PASSERS

4 passers out of 6 reviewees

IMEE FLORES RN

JAYMART SOMBILLO RN

JOBZ ANNE PACANA RN

CLARISA BROSAS RN

Lecture Notes: Prenatal (Health Center) Handouts

Prenatal ( Health Center) Handouts

View more documents from Mark Fredderick Abejo

Lecture Notes: Anatomy of Reproductive System

Anatomy Reproductive System

View more documents from Mark Fredderick Abejo

Health News: DOST "OL Mosquito Trap": The Science of Mosquito Control and Dengue Prevention

According to the Department of Health (DOH), dengue incidence in the Philippines has risen to an “all-time high” and reached the epidemic proportion in some regions.

In 2010, DOH recorded 98,934 dengue cases with 644 deaths from January to September alone. The cases have doubled compared to the entire 2009 cases with a total of 57,819.

This is the reason why DOH concluded that 2010 is the year of living “dengue-rously,” where dengue took center stage as the most prevailing health issue in the country.

The World Health Organization (WHO) considered dengue as one of the fastest-emerging infections in the world that, despite decades of research, there is no effective drug or vaccine ever developed.

Meanwhile, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) introduced an alternative to address the alarming dengue situation in the country. This is the DOST Ovicidal and Larvicidal (OL) mosquito trap, a low cost yet effective device designed to reduce the population of the dengue-carrying “Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus” mosquitoes by attracting and killing their eggs in a simple but effective science-based system.

Dr. Lilian de las Llagas, OL trap technical consultant and mosquito expert from the College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila (UPM) said that, “In order to appreciate how OL mosquito trap works and understand how dengue virus spreads, it is important to understand the life cycle of the female dengue-carrying Aedes mosquitoes.”

Basically, female mosquito has three major chores: To mate with the male mosquito, sip blood of human victim and lay eggs.

“When we talk about the transmission of dengue virus, male mosquito has no significance at all except for reproductive purposes,” said Dr. de las Llagas. After mating with the male mosquito, female mosquito starts to hunt a human victim to supply her blood meal from sunrise to sunset. “This is the reason why dengue virus is not transmitted after six o’clock because Aedes mosquito bites only at daytime,” added Dr. de las Llagas.

Dr. de las Llagas warned that among the favorites of mosquitoes are children who are smelly and wet with sweat, but this does not mean that mosquitoes are selective. No one is exempted from mosquito’s bites. A female mosquito needs to bite at least three human victims in order to complete her blood meal. This leads to virus transmission. Every time an infected mosquito bites, it transfers the virus.

When blood meal is satisfied or completed, the female mosquito lays her eggs. This is the time the OL mosquito trap performs its functions to impede mosquitoes’ regeneration.

The OL mosquito trap system is designed to attract female mosquitoes to lay its eggs on the trap. Basically, the black paint or black container lures the female mosquitoes. Also, the strip of wet “lawanit” board inside the trap creates optimum condition that adds up to the level of attraction for female mosquitoes.

The scientific principle behind this technology is that mosquitoes preferred to lay their eggs in dark colored containers. “This is not actually a new technology,” said Dr. de las Llagas. “This fact has been known since 1969.”

What is new about the OL mosquito trap is the natural ovicide and larvicide incorporated to the system. These are pellets in form, made from organic compounds derived from plants. These pellets contain non-toxic substances safe to human. However, when they are incorporated to the system they become ovicidal and larvicidal. The word “cidal” connotes death. “So once the egg touches the solution it will die. If the egg hatches, the larvae will die, its larvae will not become pupa, its pupa will not become adult and no adult to lay eggs,” said Dr. de las Llagas.

The technology is also easy to manage. It is a “set and forget” principle. Set the trap, put it on dump and undisturbed areas or in the suspected areas where mosquitoes are hiding, then forget about it, because the trap itself kills the eggs or the larvae.

If a single female mosquito lays 100 eggs in the trap, this means you trap 100 eggs to become adults in several days, and you prevent 100 mosquitoes to bite approximately 300 human victims at the average of three human victims in every complete blood meal. “It is a simple arithmetic in terms of natural mosquito reduction by simply putting this trap. The more traps, the better,” said D. de las Llagas.

Source: www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph

Health Talk: Dengue Fever

DENGUE FEVER

Also known as breakbone fever, is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs.

Dengue is transmitted by several species of mosquito within the genus Aedes, principally A. aegypti. The virus has four different types; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications. As there is no vaccine, prevention is sought by reducing the habitat and the number of mosquitoes and limiting exposure to bites.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

TREATMENT

Because dengue fever is caused by a virus, there is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat it. For typical dengue, the treatment is purely concerned with relief of the symptoms (symptomatic).
Rest and fluid intake for adequate hydration is important.
Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should only be taken under a doctor's supervision because of the possibility of worsening hemorrhagic complications.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and codeine may be given for severe headache and for the joint and muscle pain (myalgia).

PREVENTION

The transmission of the virus to mosquitoes must be interrupted to prevent the illness. To this end, patients are kept under mosquito netting until the second bout of fever is over and they are no longer contagious.

The prevention of dengue requires control or eradication of the mosquitoes carrying the virus that causes dengue. In nations plagued by dengue fever, people are urged to empty stagnant water from old tires, trash cans, and flower pots. Governmental initiatives to decrease mosquitoes also help to keep the disease in check but have been poorly effective.

To prevent mosquito bites, wear long pants and long sleeves. For personal protection, use mosquito repellant sprays that contain DEET when visiting places where dengue is endemic. Limiting exposure to mosquitoes by avoiding standing water and staying indoors two hours after sunrise and before sunset will help. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a daytime biter with peak periods of biting around sunrise and sunset. It may bite at any time of the day and is often hidden inside homes or other dwellings, especially in urban areas.

There is currently no vaccine available for dengue fever. There is a vaccine undergoing clinical trials, but it is too early to tell if it will be safe or effective. Early results of clinical trials show that a vaccine may be available by 2012

Health News: New Aggressive Dengue Strain

A new and deadly strain of dengue fever has struck 13,000 people in the Peruvian Amazon region.

Fourteen people have died, and approximately 1600 have been hospitalized. The outbreak has caught Peru's health authorities by surprise.

The new strain of dengue is particularly dangerous to children.

Dengue fever is a virus. There are two basic strains of dengue, usually referred to as dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. There is no vaccination against either strain. Dengue is endemic in Peru and the local strain is known as the "Asian-American" strain.

The new strain, unlike the common endemic variety, causes shock in victims. Dengue is becoming a major problem in South America, with 125,000 cases reported in Venezuela in 2010 and approximately 1200 deaths in Latin America as a whole.

The new South American form of dengue is of particular concern to health authorities in the Americas because of its virulence and the fact that current favorable climatic conditions could encourage its rapid spread.

Dengue is in fact a global problem. It exists around the world in various forms and differing degrees as a public health risk.

In Saudi Arabia, authorities are warning of an increase in dengue cases after flooding in Jeddah.

In the Philippines, another country where dengue is endemic, public health campaigns are being waged to improve public awareness of preventative measures.

In Australia, the recent flooding in Queensland is reported to be responsible for an increase in cases of dengue fever in flood affected areas.

In Malaysia a 52% increase in cases of dengue fever has been reported, and genetically modified mosquitoes are to be employed to attempt to eradicate the mosquito species responsible for carrying the virus.

According to The Independent this methodology does have potential for success:

Last year Oxitec carried out a much larger field trial in the Cayman Islands involving the release of about 3 million GM male mosquitoes – the first release of a GM mosquito into the wild. The company said that the local population of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the species that carries the Dengue virus, fell by 80 per cent.

Australia is also in the process of adopting the genetically modified mosquito approach to deal with dengue in Australia's far north, where it's been endemic since colonization.

The genetically modified mosquitoes, being males, don't drink blood and pose no threat of infection.


Source: CheckOrphan News

Internet Safety Tips For Kids & Adults

Internet Safety Tips

Having the world at our fingertips in the form of Internet has its pros and cons. While you get access to an unlimited store of information, you also put your own privacy and data at risk. There are thousands of malicious computer viruses that can invade your computer system and steal your data, if you do not have an antivirus software program installed. Here are some Internet safety tips for parents and children, that will protect your privacy and data.

Thou Shalt Not Share Personal Information
One of the prime Internet safety tips for children and adults is about sharing personal information. Do not share your name, address, social security number, phone number and other such personal details on the Internet. You don't know how this information will be used by third parties. Hence it is best that you withhold such information.

Thou Shalt Avoid Talking to Strangers
Children are advised to be suspicious of any strangers that they meet in chat rooms and social networking sites. Avoid talking to strangers and do not give out any personal details if you do. You don't know what are the intentions of a person at the other end of the line. Would you give out any personal information to a man you meet on the street? Similarly, avoid talking to strangers on the Internet. Check out some Internet safety facts.

Thou Shalt Avoid Sharing Pictures
Never share your pictures and home videos on any public forums or website on the Internet. These pictures can be used for nefarious purposes. So, do not share your personal photos or videos on any portal on the Internet.

Thou Shalt Not Share Financial Information
Do not divulge any financial information on the Internet like bank account numbers, credit card numbers and other such information. Do not believe in any mails that you get, offering you with a surprise lottery amount or any such financial reward. If you go ahead with such offers, you are bound to fall for some of the popular Internet scams. Please do not go ahead with any financial transaction on the Internet, before you are sure about the authenticity of the website. This is one of the prime Internet safety tips for adults.

Thou Shalt Avoid Sharing Login Name & Passwords
Under no circumstances should you share your passwords related to your email accounts and online bank account transactions. Otherwise, if you do, there are chances that your account will get hacked, leading to dangerous consequences.

Thou Shalt Not Download Stuff Without Permission
Children are advised to avoid downloading any stuff on the Internet without taking permission from their parents and elders. This is one of the prime Internet safety rules that children should follow.These programs may contain malicious viruses which may crash your computer system entirely. Check out five tips for Internet safety.

Thou Shalt Install Parental Control Filters
One of the important safety tips for parents is to install a parental control software, or change web browser settings, so that children are protected from obscene and pornographic material that is rampant on the Internet. This is very important for your child's safety and mental health.

Thou Shalt Not Violate Copyrights
Do not download pirated music or movies via Internet. This will be considered as a violation of copyrighted material for which you could be prosecuted. Your Internet service provider closely monitors illegal P2P downloads which can be reported to the authorities. So you are advised to be careful.

Thou Shalt Not Misuse Internet Resources
Do not take advantage of the access to personal information that social networking sites like Facebook provide you with. Hacking an email account is a punishable offense and do not indulge in such nefarious activities.

Thou Shalt Get an Antivirus Software Installed
It is very important that you safeguard your PC from attack of malicious software that may get downloaded from the Internet. See to it that you get an antivirus software that has special Internet security features.

By: Gray Pilgrim

Lecture Notes: Pregnancy

Pregnancy Handouts

View more documents from Mark Fredderick Abejo

Lecture Notes: Principles of Growth and Development

Growth and Development Stages

View more presentations from Mark Fredderick Abejo

DOWNLOAD PROCEDURE:

1. LIKE us on Facebook via our FACEBOOK PAGE widget
2. FOLLOW us on Twitter via our TWITTER ACCOUNT widget
3. SHARE this blog on your own Facebook and Twitter account  via SHARE IT widget
4. ANSWER our SURVEY POOL widget


NOTE: Widgets can be found on the right side portion of this BLOG


5. CLICK view on slideshare button on the left lower corner of this presentation. 
6. CREATE / SIGN UP your own account to www.slideshare.com.
7. LOG IN using your own account
8. SEARCH Mark Fredderick Abejo to view all uploaded documents.
9. DOWNLOAD the document you like.

Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory

Jean Piaget was a child psychologist, professor, author, and biologist. Though he had many academic interests, his primary focus was the child psyche. He did a lot of research in the area of child psychology and his conclusion is what is known as Piaget's Stages of Mental Development. He recognizes four main stages in a child's life:

The Sensorymotor Stage (ages: birth to two),
The Preoperational Stage (ages: 2-7),
The Concrete Operational Stage (ages: 7-12), and
The Formal Operational Stage (ages: 12-15).

The Sensorymotor Stage, says Piaget, is when infants and babies are more concerned with learning about the physical world, objects, and their own physical development.

The Preoperational Stage is when a child is learning and developing verbal skills, including reading and writing.

The Concrete Operational Stage is when a child is beginning to understand abstract concepts, such as numbers and relationships. And, finally,

The Formal Operational Stage is when a child "begins to reason logically and systematically

Freud's Psychosexual Stage Theory

The Oral Stage
Age Range: Birth to 1 Year
Erogenous Zone: Mouth

During the oral stage, the infant's primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking. Because the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers (who are responsible for feeding the child), the infant also develops a sense of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation.

The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning process--the child must become less dependent upon caretakers. If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or aggression. Oral fixation can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking or nail biting.

The Anal Stage
Age Range: 1 to 3 years
Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control

During the anal stage, Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training--the child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.

According to Freud, success at this stage is dependent upon the way in which parents approach toilet training. Parents who utilize praise and rewards for using the toilet at the appropriate time encourage positive outcomes and help children feel capable and productive. Freud believed that positive experiences during this stage served as the basis for people to become competent, productive and creative adults.

However, not all parents provide the support and encouragement that children need during this stage. Some parents' instead punish, ridicule or shame a child for accidents. According to Freud, inappropriate parental responses can result in negative outcomes. If parents take an approach that is too lenient, Freud suggested that an anal-expulsive personality could develop in which the individual has a messy, wasteful or destructive personality. If parents are too strict or begin toilet training too early, Freud believed that an anal-retentive personality develops in which the individual is stringent, orderly, rigid and obsessive.

The Phallic Stage
Age Range: 3 to 6 Years
Erogenous Zone: Genitals

During the phallic stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females.

Freud also believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother’s affections. The Oedipus complex describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father. However, the child also fears that he will be punished by the father for these feelings, a fear Freud termed castration anxiety.

The term Electra complex has been used to described a similar set of feelings experienced by young girls. Freud, however, believed that girls instead experience penis envy.

Eventually, the child begins to identify with the same-sex parent as a means of vicariously possessing the other parent. For girls, however, Freud believed that penis envy was never fully resolved and that all women remain somewhat fixated on this stage. Psychologists such as Karen Horney disputed this theory, calling it both inaccurate and demeaning to women. Instead, Horney proposed that men experience feelings of inferiority because they cannot give birth to children.

The Latent Period
Age Range: 6 to Puberty
Erogenous Zone: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive

During the latent period, the libido interests are suppressed. The development of the ego and superego contribute to this period of calm. The stage begins around the time that children enter into school and become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies and other interests.

The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is still present, but it is directed into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions. This stage is important in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence.

The Genital Stage
Age Range: Puberty to Death
Erogenous Zone: Maturing Sexual Interests

During the final stage of psychosexual development, the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a person's life.

Where in earlier stages the focus was solely on individual needs, interest in the welfare of others grows during this stage. If the other stages have been completed successfully, the individual should now be well-balanced, warm and caring. The goal of this stage is to establish a balance between the various life areas.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust
Major Question: "Can I trust the people around me?"
Basic Virtue: Hope
Important Event(s): Feeding

The trust versus mistrust stage is the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between birth and approximately 18 months of age. According to Erikson, the trust versus mistrust stage is the most important period in a person’s life.

Because an infant is entirely dependent upon his or her caregivers, the quality of care that the child receives plays an important role in the shaping of the child’s personality. During this stage, children learn whether or not they can trust the people around them. When a baby cries, does his caregiver attend to his needs? When he is frightened, will someone comfort him?

When these needs are consistently met, the child will learn that he can trust the people that are caring for him. If, however, these needs are not consistently met, the child will begin to mistrust the people around him.

If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.

Psychosocial Conflict: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Major Question: "Can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?" Basic Virtue: Will
Important Event(s): Toilet Training

Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to approximately age two to three years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control.

Gaining a sense of personal control over the world is important at this stage of development. Toilet training plays a major role; learning to control one’s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences and clothing selection.

Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt.

Psychosocial Conflict: Initiative versus Guilt
Major Question: “Am I good or bad?”
Basic Virtue: Purpose
Important Event(s): Exploration, Play

Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during the preschool years, between the ages of three and five. During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.

Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment by taking initiative by planning activities, accomplishing tasks and facing challenges. During this stage, it is important for caregivers to encourage exploration and to help children make appropriate choices. Caregivers who are discouraging or dismissive may cause children to feel ashamed of themselves and to become overly dependent upon the help of others.

Play and imagination takes on an important role at this stage. Children have their sense of initiative reinforced by being given the freedom and encouragement to play. When efforts to engage in physical and imaginative play are stifled by caregivers, children begin to feel that their self-initiated efforts are a source of embarrassment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose, while failure results in a sense of guilt.

Psychosocial Conflict: Industry versus Inferiority
Major Question: "How can I be good?"
Basic Virtue: Competence
Important Event(s): School

Industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. The stage occurs during childhood between the ages of six and eleven. School and social interaction play an important role during this time of a child’s life. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.

During the industry versus inferiority stage, children become capable of performing increasingly complex tasks. As a result, they strive to master new skills. Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to be successful.

According to Erikson, this stage is vital in the development of self-confidence. During school and other social activities, children receive praise and attention for performing various tasks such as reading, writing, drawing and solving problems. Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.

Psychosocial Conflict: Identity Versus Confusion
Major Question: "Who am I?"
Basic Virtue: Fidelity
Important Event(s): Social Relationships

Identity versus confusion is the fifth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 to 18. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self.

As they make the transition from childhood to adulthood, teens may begin to feel confused or insecure about themselves and how they fit in to society. As they seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life.

Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will insecure and confused about themselves and the future.

Psychosocial Conflict: Intimacy Versus Isolation
Major Question: "Will I be loved or will I be alone?"
Basic Virtue: Love
Important Event(s): Romantic Relationships

Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 19 and 40. During this period of time, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.

While psychosocial theory is often presented as a series of neatly defined, sequential steps, it is important to remember that each stage contributes to the next. For example, Erikson believed that having a fully formed sense of self (established during the identity versus confusion stage) is essential to being able to form intimate relationships. Studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.

Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.

Psychosocial Conflict: Generativity Versus Stagnation
Major Question: "How can I contribute to the world?"
Basic Virtue: Care
Important Event(s): Parenthood and Work

Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during middle adulthood between the ages of approximately 40 and 65. During this time, adults strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them; often by having children or contributing to positive changes that benefits other people.

Contributing to society and doing things to benefit future generations are important needs at the generativity versus stagnation stage of development. Generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world, through caring for others, creating things and accomplishing things that make the world a better place.

Stagnation refers to the failure to find a way to contribute. These individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole.

Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world.

Psychosocial Conflict: Integrity versus despair
Major Question: "Did I live a meaningful life?"
Basic Virtue: Wisdom
Important Event(s): Reflecting back on life

Integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during late adulthood from age 65 through the end of life. During this period of time, people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent.

Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death. Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.

Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair.

Maternal and Child Health Nursing Review Bullets

Maternal and Child Health Nursing Review Bullets

View more documents from Mark Fredderick Abejo

Lecture Notes: Urinary Catheterization

Urinary Catheterization Handouts

View more documents from Mark Fredderick Abejo

Lecture Notes: Nasogastric Tube

NGT handouts

View more documents from Mark Fredderick Abejo

Mother’s Day Quotes, Message, and Greetings

Mother’s Day 2011 is on May 8 (Sunday). Here are some quotes, messages, and greetings you can send her on that special day:


A mother is a person who seeing there are only four pieces of pie for five people, promptly announces she never did care for pie. ~Tenneva Jordan


Hundreds of dewdrops to greet the dawn,
Hundreds of bees in the purple clover,
Hundreds of butterflies on the lawn,
But only one mother the wide world over.
~George Cooper


Being a full-time mother is one of the highest salaried jobs... since the payment is pure love. ~Mildred B. Vermont


The sweetest sounds to mortals given
Are heard in Mother, Home, and Heaven.
~William Goldsmith Brown


If you have a mom, there is nowhere you are likely to go where a prayer has not already been. ~Robert Brault, www.robertbrault.com


A suburban mother's role is to deliver children obstetrically once, and by car forever after. ~Peter De Vries


If the whole world were put into one scale, and my mother in the other, the whole world would kick the beam. ~Lord Langdale (Henry Bickersteth)


Mothers hold their children's hands for a short while, but their hearts forever. ~Author Unknown


The moment a child is born, the mother is also born. She never existed before. The woman existed, but the mother, never. A mother is something absolutely new. ~Rajneesh


All mothers are working mothers. ~Author Unknown


When you are a mother, you are never really alone in your thoughts. A mother always has to think twice, once for herself and once for her child. ~Sophia Loren, Women and Beauty


Mother love is the fuel that enables a normal human being to do the impossible. ~Marion C. Garretty, quoted in A Little Spoonful of Chicken Soup for the Mother's Soul


Mother - that was the bank where we deposited all our hurts and worries. ~T. DeWitt Talmage


A mother is a mother still,
The holiest thing alive.
~Samuel Taylor Coleridge


The real religion of the world comes from women much more than from men - from mothers most of all, who carry the key of our souls in their bosoms. ~Oliver Wendell Holmes


God could not be everywhere and therefore he made mothers. ~Jewish Proverb


A mother understands what a child does not say. ~Author Unknown


I remember my mother's prayers and they have always followed me. They have clung to me all my life. ~Abraham Lincoln


It would seem that something which means poverty, disorder and violence every single day should be avoided entirely, but the desire to beget children is a natural urge. ~Phyllis Diller


Woman in the home has not yet lost her dignity, in spite of Mother's Day, with its offensive implication that our love needs an annual nudging, like our enthusiasm for the battle of Bunker Hill. ~John Erskine


Women's Liberation is just a lot of foolishness. It's the men who are discriminated against. They can't bear children. And no one's likely to do anything about that. ~Golda Meir


A man loves his sweetheart the most, his wife the best, but his mother the longest. ~Irish Proverb


Before I got married I had six theories about bringing up children; now I have six children, and no theories. ~John Wilmot


You don't really understand human nature unless you know why a child on a merry-go-round will wave at his parents every time around - and why his parents will always wave back. ~William D. Tammeus


Now that... my kids are grown, I understand how much work and love it takes to raise and to keep a family together. The example of your strength, devotion, and patience is now rippling through the generations. Thank you! ~Forest Houtenschil


Biology is the least of what makes someone a mother. ~Oprah Winfrey


Motherhood is priced
Of God, at price no man may dare
To lessen or misunderstand.
~Helen Hunt Jackson


Are we not like two volumes of one book? ~Marceline Desbordes-Valmore


It kills you to see them grow up. But I guess it would kill you quicker if they didn't. ~Barbara Kingsolver, Animal Dreams


Who fed me from her gentle breast
And hushed me in her arms to rest,
And on my cheek sweet kisses prest?
My Mother.
~Ann Taylor


Who ran to help me when I fell,
And would some pretty story tell,
Or kiss the place to make it well?
My mother.
~Ann Taylor


On Mother's Day I have written a poem for you. In the interest of poetic economy and truth, I have succeeded in concentrating my deepest feelings and beliefs into two perfectly crafted lines: You're my mother, I would have no other! ~Forest Houtenschil


Children are a great comfort in your old age - and they help you reach it faster, too. ~Lionel Kauffman


Mother is the name for God in the lips and hearts of little children. ~William Makepeace Thackeray


A mother is the truest friend we have, when trials heavy and sudden, fall upon us; when adversity takes the place of prosperity; when friends who rejoice with us in our sunshine desert us; when trouble thickens around us, still will she cling to us, and endeavor by her kind precepts and counsels to dissipate the clouds of darkness, and cause peace to return to our hearts. ~Washington Irving


This heart, my own dear mother, bends,
With love's true instinct, back to thee!
~Thomas Moore


Insanity is hereditary; you get it from your children. ~Sam Levenson


The one thing children wear out faster than shoes is parents. ~John J. Plomp


Most mothers are instinctive philosophers. ~Harriet Beecher Stowe


Before a day was over,
Home comes the rover,
For mother's kiss - sweeter this
Than any other thing!
~William Allingham


I don't care how poor a man is; if he has family, he's rich. ~Dan Wilcox and Thad Mumford, M*A*S*H, "Identity Crisis,"


Oh, the comfort, the inexpressible comfort of feeling safe with a person, having neither to weigh thoughts nor measure words, but pouring them all out, just as they are, chaff and grain together, certain that a faithful hand will take and sift them, keep what is worth keeping, and with a breath of kindness blow the rest away. ~Dinah Craik


Where we love is home - home that our feet may leave, but not our hearts. ~Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.


In everyone's life, at some time, our inner fire goes out. It is then burst into flame by an encounter with another human being. We should all be thankful for those people who rekindle the inner spirit. ~Albert Schweitzer


Let us be grateful to people who make us happy, they are the charming gardeners who make our souls blossom. ~Marcel Proust


If I had a single flower for every time I think about you, I could walk forever in my garden. ~Attributed to Claudia Ghandi


A Freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean your mother. ~Author Unknown


Sweater, n.: garment worn by child when its mother is feeling chilly. ~Ambrose Bierce


All women become like their mothers. That is their tragedy. No man does. That's his. ~Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895


Mothers are fonder than fathers of their children because they are more certain they are their own. ~Aristotle


A man's work is from sun to sun, but a mother's work is never done. ~Author Unknown


Making the decision to have a child is momentous. It is to decide forever to have your heart go walking around outside your body. ~Elizabeth Stone


Parents often talk about the younger generation as if they didn't have anything to do with it. ~Haim Ginott


Sing out loud in the car even, or especially, if it embarrasses your children. ~Marilyn Penland


Each day of our lives we make deposits in the memory banks of our children. ~Charles R. Swindoll, The Strong Family


There is only one pretty child in the world, and every mother has it. ~Chinese Proverb


Never raise your hand to your kids. It leaves your groin unprotected. ~Red Buttons


If nature had arranged that husbands and wives should have children alternatively, there would never be more than three in a family. ~Lawrence Housman


Setting a good example for your children takes all the fun out of middle age. ~William Feather, The Business of Life, 1949


Your responsibility as a parent is not as great as you might imagine. You need not supply the world with the next conqueror of disease or major motion-picture star. If your child simply grows up to be someone who does not use the word "collectible" as a noun, you can consider yourself an unqualified success. ~Fran Lebowitz, "Parental Guidance," Social Studies, 1981

PNLE: PRC - BON Philippine Nursing Licensure Exam Outline

The Professional Regulation Commission - Board of Nursing (BoN) has released a new outline to be covered in the 2010 Nursing Licensure Examinations (NLE July 2010).

Foundations of Nursing Practice Including Professional Adjustment (Course Syllabus)

I. Description

Theories, concepts, principles and processes basic to the practice of nursing.

II. Terminal Competencies

1. Utilizes the nursing process in the care of individuals, families and communities.
2. Communicates effectively with patients/clients, families as well as other members of the health team in various settings.
3. Demonstrates leadership and management skills to ensure safe and quality nursing care.
4. Relates effectively with others in work situations.
5. Utilizes concepts, theories, principles in the care of clients.
6. Ensures a well-organized, accurate recording and reporting system.
7. Participates in research activities and utilizes research findings to improve nursing practice.
8. Observes ethico-moral values and legal responsibilities in nursing care.
9. Assumes responsibility for personal and professional growth.

III. Content Outline

1. Professional Nursing
A. Historical perspectives in nursing
B. Nursing as a profession
C. Theories in nursing
D. Health care delivery system

2. Health and Illness Behavior
A. Man as a biopsycho-socio – cultural- spiritual being
B. Factors influencing health and illness
C. Risk factors
D. Adaptation to stress and anxiety
E. Life span, cycle and development

3. Interactive Processes
A. Nurse client relationship
B. Teaching learning process
C. Documentation/recording
D. Communication
E. Therapeutic use of self

4. Safety, Comfort and Hygiene
A. Safety
B. Management of pain
C. Hygiene
D. Mobility and immobility
E. Skin integrity
F. Sensory alteration
G. Substance abuse

5. Basic Physiological Needs
A. Oxygenation
B. Nutrition
C. Rest and sleep
D. Fluid and electrolyte balance
E. Urinary elimination
F. Bowel elimination
G. Activity and exercise

6. Basic Psychosocial Needs
A. Safety and security
B. Love and belonging
C. Spiritual needs
D. Sexuality and sexual needs
E. Self concept
F. Death, grief and grieving
G. Sensory deprivation and body image
H. Crisis intervention

7. Basic Nursing Skills
A. Nursing process
B. Admission and discharge
C. Vital signs
D. Physical examination and health assessment
E. Administration of medications
F. Asepsis and infection control
G. Emergency measures
H. Wound care
I. Care of the dying and the dead
J. Perioperative care
K. Others

8. Ethico-legal Aspect
A. Nursing ethics
B. Legal aspects in the practice of nursing
C. The Philippine Nursing Law
D. Related laws affecting the practice of nursing
E. Continuing education for nurses
F. Professional organizations of nursing

9. Management and Leadership
A. Theories and principles of management
B. Standards of nursing practice
C. Elements of administration and management/functions of management
D. Leadership style
E. Organization
F. Staffing
G. Patient Care Classification System
H. Patterns/modalities of nursing care

10. Basic Research
A. Ethics and scientific research
B. The scientific approach
C. Research process
D. Research design/methodology
E. Steps in doing research

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NURSING

I. Description

Concepts, theories, principles and processes basic to the delivery of safe and quality nursing care of mother and child. It encompasses promotive and preventive care of mothers with normal health conditions including curative and rehabilitative care to those with disturbances in reproductive health. Further, it focuses on the nursing care to children in various stages of growth and development.

II. Terminal Competencies

1. Utilizes the nursing processes in the care of mother and child/their families and communities.
2. Communicates effectively with the clients and families as well as with other members of the health team in various settings.
3. Demonstrates leadership and management skills in promoting safe and quality nursing care to clients.
4. Utilizes concepts, theories and principles in the care of clients.
5. Utilizes research findings to improve the nursing care to clients, family and community.
6. Adheres to ethico-legal and moral imperatives of health care.
7. Recognizes his/her responsibility for personal and professional growth and development.

III. Content Outline

1. Foundation of Maternal and Child Health Nursing Practice/Biophysical Aspects of Human Reproduction
A. Philosophy, goals
B. Concepts, theories, principles and standards of care
C. Anatomy and physiology
D. Sexuality
E. Menstrual cycle
F. Responsible parenthood
G. Theories and principles of growth and development

2. Pregnancy-Antepartum
A. Stages of fetal development
B. Signs and symptoms of pregnancy
C. Nursing care
D. Birth setting and alternative methods of delivery
E. Physiological and psychological changes of pregnancy
F. Needs of pregnant women
G. Danger signs and symptoms
H. Complications of pregnancy

3. Pregnancy-intrapartum
A. Theories of labor
B. Components of labor: 3 P-s
C. Nursing care during labor
D. Analgesia and anesthesia of labor and delivery
E. Complications of labor and delivery

4. Postpartum and Newborn
A. Placental stage
B. Nursing care of the mother
C. Nursing care of the newborn
D. Breast feeding/rooming-in
E. Complications of postpartum

5. Puerperium and Infancy
A. Involution
B. Care of the mother
C. Physical, motor, cognitive, psycho-social and language development
D. Well-baby care
E. Nutrition, immunization, play activities
F. Common problems/disorders of infancy

6. Toddler
A. Physical, motor, cognitive, psycho-social, language and moral development
B. Toilet training
C. Well-baby care
D. Nutrition, immunization, play activities
E. Common problems/disorders of toddlers

7. Pre-Schooler/Schooler
A. Physical, cognitive, psycho-social and moral development
B. Sibling rivalry
C. Play activities
D. Sex education
E. Common problems/disorders of pre-schooler/schooler

8. Pre-adolescent/Adolescent
A. Physical, psycho-social and moral development
B. Sex characteristics
C. Needs and tasks
D. Common problems/disorders of pre-adolescent/adolescent

9. Problems/Disorders in Children
A. Prematurity
B. Congenital malformations
C. Nephrotic Syndrome
D. Metabolic disturbances
F. Infectious diseases

10. Problem/Disorders in Mothers including gynecologic disorders
A. High risk maternal conditions
B. Pregrancy related conditions
C. Metabolic, cardiac, hematologic aberrations in pregrancy
D. Menopause
E. Cellular aberrations of the reproductive organs
F. Degenerative disorders of women

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING

I. Description

This course deals with health programs, services and strategies of the Department of Health; concepts, philosophy, goals and objectives of Community Health Nursing; and the basic roles, functions and responsibilities of the community health nurse. It also includes care of clients with non-communicable
and communicable diseases.

II. Terminal Competencies

1. Utilizes the the nursing process in the care of individuals, families and communities.
2. Utilizes leadership and management process as an important tool of the health care provider in varied health care settings.
3. Communicates effectively with clients, families, communities and other members of health care.
4. Conducts research and uses research findings to improve health care in the community.
5. Demonstrates appropriate attitudes/behaviors as a model health professional.
6. Implements the concepts, principles and values of primary health care as health care provider.
7. Participates in the implementation of DOH health programs, services and strategies.
8. Participates in activities related to the prevention and control of communicable diseases.
9. Assumes responsibility for personal and professional development.

III. Content Outline

1. The Philippine Health Care Delivery System
A. National Health Plan
B. Health scenarios

2. Legislations affecting Community Health Nursing Practice
A. Laws
B. Executive orders and letters of instructions
C. DOH Circulars/Memoranda

3. Primary Health Care
A. Definition
B. Conceptual framework
C. Essential elements
D. Types of PHC workers

4. Health Programs, Services and Strategies
A. Maternal and child health
B. Nutrition
C. Dental hygience
D. Environmental sanitation
E. Vital and health statistics
F. Occupational health
G. Health education

5. Care of Older Persons
A. Needs of older persons Issues and concerns
C. Common diseases affecting older persons
D. Nursing functions and responsibilities

6. Community Health Nursing
A. Definition and concepts
B. Philosophy, goals and objectives
C. Principles and process
D. Levels of care

7. Roles, Functions and Responsibilities of the Community Health Nurse
A. Nursing process
B. Nursing procedures
C. Nursing management
D. Nursing research
E. Personal and professional development

8. Nursing Care of clients with communicable diseases
A. General principles and techniques
B. Epidemiology
C. Prevention and control
D. Nursing functions and responsibilities

9. Nursing Care of clients with Non-Communicable Diseases
A. Prevalence
B. Risk Factors
C. Prevention and control
D. Nursing functions and responsibilities

10. Research in Community Health Nursing
A. Applied research
B. Utilization of research findings
C. Records and reports Field Health Services and Information System

NURSING CARE OF ADOLESCENTS,ADULTS AND AGED

I. Description

Nursing care of clients with alterations in health patterns throughout the life cycle utilizing the nursing process. This course also includes disaster nursing and care of clients in acute biological crises.

II. Terminal Competencies
1. Applies the nursing process to health care situations.
2. Relates the pathological changes brought about by stresses, illness, etc. to patient care.
3. Institutes health teaching strategies to help create a therapeutic environment for clients, families and communities.
4. Utilizes the different techniques of enabling the clients, families and communities to cope with illness or death.
5. Strives to continue reaffirming the dignity and worth of man through the provision of supportive comfort measures to patients, families and communities at all times and even when death is inevitable.
6. Communicates effectively with clients and members of the health team.
7. Analyzes socio-economic, cultural, political and other factors in relation to the occurrences of illness or disease conditions.
8. Integrates the socio-political, technological and economic systems and their influence on the Philippine health care delivery.
9. Conducts research and uses research studies to improve patient care.
10. Assumes responsibility for personal and professional growth.

III. Content Outline

1. Concepts of Stress and Illness
A. Health-illness continuum
B. Epidemiology of illness
C. Stress models
D. Response to stress

2. Nursing Interventions in Illness
A. Holistic approach in different stages of development stages
1. Biophysical
2. Psychosocial
B. Pharmacological therapeutics
C. Patients in surgery
D. Patients in pain
E. The dying process

3. Care of Patients with Specific Disturbances in
A. Oxygenation
B. Fluids and electrolytes . Metabolism
D. Inflammatory and immunologic responses
E. Perception and coordination . Cellular aberrations

4. Care of Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disorders
A. Structure, function and assessment
B. Arterial disorders
C. Venous and lymphatic disorders
D. Diagnostic procedures

5. Care of Patients with Urinary Disorders
A. Structures, function and assessment
B. Renal disorders
C. Diagnostic procedures

6. Care of Patients with Integumentary Disorders
A. Structure, function and assessment
B. Protection of the skin, hair and nail
C. Restoring skin structure and function

7. Care of Patients with Hematologic Disorders
A. Basic concepts of hematology assessment
B. Blood transfusion
C. Erythrocytes disorders
D. Diagnostic procedures

8. Care of Patients with Neurologic Disorders
A. Structure, function and assessment
B. Head and spinal injury
C. Diagnostic procedures

9. Care of Patients Experiencing Disorders of the Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas
A. Structure, functions and assessment
B. Evaluation and management
C. Diagnostic procedures

10. Nurses Role in
A. Infection control
B. I.V. therapy
C. Emergency and disaster situations
D. Life threatening conditions

MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHIATRIC NURSING

I. Description

Principles, concepts and theories underlying psychiatric nursing care to individuals, families and communities in a variety of settings.

II. Terminal Competencies

1. Utilizes knowledge from the psychological, biological sciences, theories of personality and human behavior in the care of psychiatric clients.
2. Utilizes the nursing process in giving holistic nursing care to all kinds of clients.
3. Applies appropriate communication techniques with clients, families and other members of the health team in various settings.
4. Demonstrates leadership and management skills to ensure safe and quality care.
5. Works collaboratively with other members of the health team.
6. Applies the ethico-legal principles in psychiatric nursing.
7. Participates in research undertakings and utilizes findings to improve psychiatric nursing care.
8. Assumes responsibility for personal and professional growth.

III. Content Outline

1. Personality development and principles of mental health
A. Mental health as a concept
B. Principles of Psychiatric Nursing
C. Nursing process in Psychiatric Nursing
D. Research as a tool in improving psychiatric nursing care.

2. Crisis and Crisis Intervention
A. Crisis intervention
B. Common crises situations

3. Anxiety Response and Anxiety Disorders
A. Etiological theories of anxiety
B. Levels of anxiety
C. Ego defense mechanisms
D. Anxiety related disorders

4. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
A. Childhood
B. Adolescence

5. Psychophysiologic disorders
A. Theories of psychophysiologic disorders
B. Predisposing factors
C. Common organ systems affected by psychological factors
D. Nursing care and psychopharmacology

6. Personality disorders
A. Psychodynamics of personality disorders
B. Predisposing factors
C. Types of personality disorders
D. Nursing care and psychopharmacology

7. Emotional responses and mood disorders
A. Psychodynamics of mood disorders
B. Predisposing factors
C. Alterations in mood
D. Treatment modalities, psychopharmacology and nursing care

8. Thought disorders (Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders)
A. Theories of etiology of schizophrenia
B. Types of schizophrenia
C. Primary and secondary symptoms of schizophrenia
D. Treatment modalities, psychopharmacology and nursing care

9. Substance abuse and related disorders
A. Alcoholism
B. Drug abuse and dependence
C. Treatment modalities, psychopharmacology and nursing care

10. Organic Mental Syndrome and Disorders
A. Etiology
B. Fundamental principles in the care of cognitively impaired person
C. Organic mental syndrome
D. Organic mental disorders
E. Treatment modalities, psychopharmacology and nursing care

PNLE: Test Taking Tips and Strategy to Pass the Nursing Board exam

Sometimes pure hard work and mental preparedness is not enough. The ability to answers exams or any test faster is a must specially if it is bounded by time. Usually the pressure sets in if the time is working against you and even if you’ve prepared 100%, it can ruin entirely what you have poured in. On this post, I have outlined test taking tips and strategies applicable in any type of multiple choice exams including the July 2011 Philippine Nursing Board Exam.

The Parts of a Question
The question contains several parts:

the case(sometimes called scenario) – the description of the client and what is happening to him/her
the stem – the part of the question that asks the question the correct response
distracters – incorrect but feasible choices

Key Words
The most important skill for the test taker is the ability to read the question carefully and determine the key elements in each question. Each question has key words. Key words relate to the client; to the problem; and to specific aspects of the problem.

Client
Factors such as age, sex, and marital status may be relevant. When a child’s age is given it often is very relevant to the answer. Vital signs vary with age. Preoperative teaching methods vary with age. Appropriate toys and diversional activities vary with age. Always pay special attention to the age of a client when it is given. Also consider who is the client for this question. That is, who is the focus of the question. The client may be the identified sick person, or it might be a relative of the identified sick person, or even a staff member.

Problem/Behavior
The problem may be a disease, a symptom or a behavior.

Details of the Problem

1. Is the question asking for nursing actions or client symptoms or family responses?
2. Does the question ask about a specific aspect of nursing care assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation?
3. Does the question ask details relevant to a specific symptom or behavior the client exhibits?
4. Is there additional information about the client or the problem that is important?

Priority Setting

"What action takes priority?"
"What should the nurse do first?"
"What should the nurse do initially?"
"What is essential for the nurse to do?"

Physiologic needs are first, followed by safety needs, then love and belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization.

The first step of the nursing process is assessment! When the stem of a question asks for the initial nursing action always look to see if there is a relevant assessment answer. The nurse will take an action only when there is enough data to act. Call the physician only when there is not a nursing action that should be taken first. The stem of the question may ask for a nursing action and the correct answer may be to assess.

When the stem of the question asks what is essential for the nurse to do, think safety. Remember many of the test questions are safety questions.

What is the Time Frame?
Whenever a specific time frame is indicated in a question it is very important. Pay attention to it. Time related words may be like early or late in relation in symptoms, pre operative or post operative, care on the day of surgery or later postoperative care.

Repeated Words
Words from the question are repeated in the answer. Frequently the same word or a synonym will be in both the question and the answer.

Opposites
When two answers are opposite such as high blood pressure and low blood pressure or increase the drip rate and stop the IV, or turn on the right side and turn on the left side, the answer is usually one of the two.

Same Answer
If two or three answers say the same thing in different words none can be correct. If the answers are too alike, then neither one is correct.

Odd Answer Wins
The answer that is different from the others is apt to be the correct answer. It may be the longest or the shortest or simply very different in content or style.

Umbrella Answer
One answer includes the others. There may be more than one correct answer. One answer is better than all the others because it includes them.

Test Item Check List
Use this handy list to check yourself every time you answer a test question.

Say to yourself, DID I CAREFULLY…

Read the stem?
Read all of the options?
Read the stem again?
Look for key words?
Eliminate obviously incorrect options?

Absolutes
Answers containing universal or absolute words are very apt to be incorrect. Very little in life or nursing is always correct or incorrect. Answers stated in absolute terms should be looked at with great caution.

Deadly

all
every
total
nothing
always
each
only
any
nobody
never
none

Dangerous

main
chief
avoid
primarily
major
shall
inevitable
eliminate
rarely
impossible
too

Safe

usually
almost
frequently
probably
potentially
may
sometimes
partial
some
might
should
few
essentially
generally
occasionally
nearly
maybe
could
commonly
average
seldom
often
normally

Source: nclexreviewers